Intraventricular hemorrhages in premature infants: risk factors, epidemiology, consequences for the nervous system development: A literature review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37800/RM.2.2024.119-127Keywords:
preterm birth, prematurity, very low and extremely low body weight, intraventricular hemorrhage, germinal matrix, gestational age, risk factors, consequences for the nervous system developmentAbstract
Relevance: Due to the anatomical and physiological features of the brain, premature infants are predisposed to intraventricular hemorrhages (IVH), which are often complicated in the neonatal and post-neonatal periods. Despite significant advances in obstetric and neonatal care, especially in the last decade, IVH remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants worldwide, especially in children with extremely low and very low body weight.
The study aimed to comment on modern ideas about epidemiology, risk factors for intraventricular hemorrhage, and short-term and long-term consequences for nervous system development in premature infants.
Materials and Methods: A systematic review and analysis of literature sources published by clinicians, researchers, and professional associations in perinatology, neonatology, neurology, and pediatrics has been conducted. Literature searches have been conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, Wiley, and Cochrane Library databases over the past 10 years using the keywords of the study. A total of 36 sources were included in the analysis.
Results: We revealed a global prevalence of IVH of varying severity and identified various antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal risk factors as independent predictors of IVH. Low-grade IVH is usually of no clinical significance. However, there is evidence that minor hemorrhages increase the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in premature infants.
Conclusion: The worldwide incidence of IVH among preterm infants ranges from 14.7% to 44.7%, with significant differences depending on the gestational age of the newborn, the quality of medical care, and the provision of medical equipment in neonatal intensive care units in different countries. Data from studies conducted in Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia indicate that IVH grade 3-4 is a common complication of preterm birth. The likelihood of developing severe IVH is high in the extremely preterm infant at the lowest gestational age. Prospects. All of the above objectives require further prospective cohort studies.
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