From FIGO classification to individualized therapy: AMC-O management in clinical practice (Resolution of the Expert Forum of the Republic of Kazakhstan)

Authors

  • Т.М. Ukybasova National Scientific Center of Motherhood and Childhood (Astana, Kazakhstan)
  • G.A. Grebennikova
  • A.P. Jaimbetova
  • А.М. Doschanova
  • G.N. Akanova
  • L.M. Begimbekova
  • I.L. Kopobaeva
  • A.Zh. Myrzabekova
  • D.N. Sultangereeva
  • A.S. Tuletova
  • Y.G. Turdybekova

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37800/RM.2.2026.812

Keywords:

Abnormal uterine bleeding, ovulatory dysfunction, diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms, Kazakhstan, women of reproductive age, perimenopause, quality of life

Abstract

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a common clinical condition in women of reproductive age and is most frequently associated with ovulatory dysfunction (AUB‑O), resulting from impaired hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis function and relative progesterone deficiency. The expert resolution from the Republic of Kazakhstan systematizes current approaches to the diagnosis and management of AUB‑O, highlights key unmet clinical needs, and proposes diagnostic algorithms alongside an individualized therapeutic approach for women of reproductive age and those in the perimenopausal period.

Pharmacological therapy remains the cornerstone of management. Progestogens play a central role; dydrogesterone demonstrates a favorable safety profile, no suppression of ovulation, and the ability to normalize the menstrual cycle. Implementing a personalized approach aims to improve treatment effectiveness and enhance patients’ quality of life.

Keywords: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), ovulatory dysfunction (AUB-O), diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms, Kazakhstan, women of reproductive age, perimenopause, quality of life.

References

1. Bradley LD, Gueye N-A. The medical management of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(1):31-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.044

2. Marret H, Fauconnier A, Chabbert-Buffet N, Cravello L, Golfier F, Gondry J, Agostini A, Bazot M, Brailly-Tabard S, Brun JL, De Raucourt E, Gervaise A, Gompel A, Graesslin O, Huchon C, Lucot JP, Plu-Bureau G, Roman H, Fernandez H; CNGOF Collège National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français. Clinical practice guidelines on menorrhagia: management of abnormal uterine bleeding before menopause. Eur J Obstet Gynecolv Reprod Biol. 2010;152(2):133-7.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.07.016

3. Henry C, Ekeroma A, Filoche S. Barriers to seeking consultation for abnormal uterine bleeding: systematic review of qualitative research. BMC Womens Health. 2020;20:123.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-00986-8

4. Munro MG, Balen AH, Cho S, Critchley HOD, Díaz I, Ferriani R, Henry L, Mocanu E, van der Spuy ZM; FIGO Committee on Menstrual Disorders and Related Health Impacts, and FIGO Committee on Reproductive Medicine, Endocrinology, and Infertility. The FIGO ovulatory disorders classification system. Hum Reprod. 2022;37(10):2446-2464. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deac180

5. Munro MG, Critchley HOD, Fraser IS; FIGO Menstrual Disorders Committee. The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2018;143(3):393-408.

https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12666

Erratum in: Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019 Feb;144(2):237.

https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12709.

6. Jain V, Chodankar RR, Maybin JA, Critchley HO. Uterine bleeding: how understanding endometrial physiology underpins menstrual health. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18(5):290-308.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-021-00629-4

7. Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, Farquhar C. Surgery versus medical therapy for heavy menstrual bleeding. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;1:CD003855. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003855.pub3

8. da Silva Filho A, Caetano C, Lahav A, Grandi G, Lamaita R. The difficult journey to treatment for women suffering from heavy menstrual bleeding: a multi-national survey. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2021;26(5):390-398. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2021.1925881

9. Practice bulletin no. 128: diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120(1):197-206.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Micah-Hill/publication/230766473_ACOG_Practice_Bulletin_Diagnosis_of_abnormal_uterine_bleeding_in_reproductive-aged_women/links/54d89a1e0cf2970e4e782337/ACOG-Practice-Bulletin-Diagnosis-of-abnormal-uterine-bleeding-in-reproductive-aged-women.pdf

10. Munro MG, Critchley HO, Broder MS, Fraser IS, Disorders FWGoM. FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2011;113(1):3-13.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.11.011

11. Sun Y, Wang Y, Mao L, Wen J, Bai W. Prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding according to new International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics classification in Chinese women of reproductive age: A cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2018;97(31). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000011457

12. Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, Dokras A, Moran LJ, Piltonen TT, Costello MF, Boivin J, Redman LM, Boyle JA, Norman RJ, Mousa A, Joham AE; International PCOS Network. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2018;33(9):1602-1618. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dey256

Correction: Hum Reprod. 2019;34(2):388.

https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dey363

13. Simoncini T, Arab H, Pedachenko N, Tian Q, Pineda F, Puranam B, Sohail R, Wender MCO. Unmet needs in abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulatory dysfunction. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2024;40(1):2362244.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2024.2362244

14. Нарушения менструального цикла: клинический протокол диагностики и лечения. Одобрен Объединенной комиссией по качеству медицинских услуг Министерства здравоохранения Республики Казахстан, протокол № 101 от 25 июня 2020 г. [Интернет]. Астана: Министерство здравоохранения Республики Казахстан; 2020 [дата доступа 2026 июн 21]. Адрес доступа:

Menstrual cycle disorders: Clinical protocol for diagnosis and treatment. Approved by the Joint Commission on Quality of Medical Services of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Protocol No. 101, June 25, 2020 [Internet]. Astana: Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan; 2020 [cited 2026 Jun 21]. Russian. Available from:

https://nrchd.kz/storage/documents/Клинические%20протоколы/Поток%20клинические%20протоколы/Нарушения%20менструального%20цикла.pdf

15. Benetti-Pinto CL, de Sá Rosa ACJ, Yela DA, Júnior JMS. Abnormal uterine bleeding. Rev Brasil Ginecol Obstet/RBGO Gynecol Obstet. 2017;39(07):358-68.

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603807

16. de Barros VIPVL, de Oliveira ALML, do Nascimento DJ, Zlotnik E, Teruchkin MM, Marques MA, Margarido PFR. Use of hormones and risk of venous thromboembolism. Rev Brasil Ginecol Obstet. 2024;46:e-FPS02.

https://doi.org/10.61622/rbgo/2024FPS02

17. Medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use, 6th ed. [Internet]. Who.int. World Health Organization; 2025.

https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240115583

18. Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, Lobo R, Maki P, Rebar RW, Sherman S, Sluss PM, de Villiers TJ; STRAW + 10 Collaborative Group. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop+ 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. Climacteric. 2012;15(2):105-14. https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2011.650656

19. Duckitt K. Managing perimenopausal menorrhagia. Maturitas. 2010;66(3):251-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.03.013

20. Nicula R, Costin N. Management of endometrial modifications in perimenopausal women. Clujul Med. 2015;88(2):101.

https://doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-421

21. “The 2022 Hormone Therapy Position Statement of The North American Menopause Society” Advisory Panel. The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2022;29(7):767-794.

https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000002028

22. Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, Huber J, Pasqualini JR, Schweppe KW, Thijssen JH. Reprint of lassification and Pharmacology of Progestins. Maturitas. 2008;61(1-2):171-180.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.11.013

23. Wang L, Guan H-Y, Xia H-X, Chen X-Y, Zhang W. Dydrogesterone treatment for menstrual-cycle regularization in abnormal uterine bleeding–ovulation dysfunction patients. World J Clin Cases. 2020;8(15):3259.

https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i15.3259

24. King RJ, Whitehead MI. Assessment of the potency of orally administered progestins in women. Fertil Steril. 1986;46(6):1062-1066.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)49880-8

25. Подзолкова Н., Глазкова О. Симптом, синдром, диагноз. Дифференциальная диагностика в гинекологии. 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. Москва: ГЕОТАР-Медиа. 2014; 736.

Podzolkova N, Glazkova O. Symptom, syndrome, diagnosis. Differential diagnosis in gynecology 3rd ed, rev and supp. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media. 2014;736. Russian.

https://www.rosmedlib.ru/book/ISBN9785970426937.html

26. Naib JM, Siddiqui MI, Ajmal W. The role of dydrogesterone in the medical management of 100 cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) above 35 years of age. J Postgrad Med Inst. 2003;17(2). https://www.jpmi.org.pk/index.php/jpmi/article/view/824

27. Anklesaria B, Balamba P, Banerjee B. Cycle regulation with dydrogesterone in Indian women. Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;4:559-564. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286915253_Cycle_regulation_with_dydrogesterone_in_Indian_women

28. Selmi C, La Marca A. Oral hormonal therapy as treatment option for abnormal uterine bleeding. Eur J Contracept ReprodHealth Care. 2023;28(6):285-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2023.2270098

29. Trivedi N, Chauhan N, Vaidya V. Effectiveness and safety of dydrogesterone in regularization of menstrual cycle: a post-marketing study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2016;32(8):667-671.

https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2016.1152238

30. Podzolkova N, Tatarchuk T, Doshchanova A, Eshimbetova G, Pexman-Fieth C. Dydrogesterone treatment for menstrual-cycle regularization in routine clinical practice: a multicenter observational study. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2016;32(3):246-9. Epub 2015.

https://doi.org/10.3109/09513590.2015.1115832

31. Griesinger G, Blockeel C, Kahler E, Pexman-Fieth C, Olofsson JI, Driessen S, Tournaye H. Dydrogesterone as an oral alternative to vaginal progesterone for IVF luteal phase support: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(11):e0241044.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241044

32. Katalinic A, Shulman LP, Strauss JF, Garcia-Velasco JA, van den Anker JN. A critical appraisal of safety data on dydrogesterone for the support of early pregnancy: a scoping review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2022;45(2):365-73 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.03.032

33. Katalinic A, Noftz MR, Garcia-Velasco JA, Shulman LP, van den Anker JN, Strauss III JF. No additional risk of congenital anomalies after first-trimester dydrogesterone use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Open. 2024;2024(1):hoae004. https://doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hoae004

34. Yang W, Chi H, Yang R, Liu P, Li R, Qiao J. Congenital anomalies after first-trimester dydrogesterone therapy during in vitro fertilization. Fertil Steril. 2023;120(4):e72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2023.08.222

35. Shoham Z, Weissman A, Yaron Y. Safety of Pharmacological Agents Used in Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Fetal Malformation Risk. J IVF-Worldwide. 2026;4(1):22-57.

https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.147524

36. Ott J, Egarter C, Aguilera A. Dydrogesterone after 60 years: a glance at the safety profile. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2022;38(4):279-87. Epub 2021.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2021.2016692

37. Государственный реестр лекарственных средств и медицинских изделий Республики Казахстан. Реестровая запись № 143512 Общая характеристика лекарственного препарата Дюфастон® [Интернет]. Астана: Национальный центр экспертизы лекарственных средств и медицинских изделий; [дата доступа 2026 Jun 21]. Адрес доступа:

National Register of Medicines and Medical Devices of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Registry record No. 143512 General characteristics of the drug Duphaston® [Internet]. Astana: National Center for Expertise of Medicines and Medical Devices; [cited 2026 Jun 21]. Russian/Kazakh. Available from:

https://register.ndda.kz/#/reestr/143512

38. Jain V, Chodankar RR, Maybin JA, Critchley HOD. Uterine bleeding: how understanding endometrial physiology underpins menstrual health. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18(5):290-308.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-021-00629-4

Published

01.07.2026

How to Cite

Ukybasova Т., Grebennikova, G., Jaimbetova , A., Doschanova А., Akanova, G., Begimbekova, L., … Turdybekova, Y. (2026). From FIGO classification to individualized therapy: AMC-O management in clinical practice (Resolution of the Expert Forum of the Republic of Kazakhstan). Reproductive Medicine (Central Asia), (2), 310–316. https://doi.org/10.37800/RM.2.2026.812

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >> 

Similar Articles

<< < 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.