Contraception: modern methods, effectiveness, and development directions (A literature review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37800/RM.1.2026.509Keywords:
contraception, side effects, social barriers, nanotechnology, gene therapy, male contraceptionAbstract
Relevance: Contraception is a key component of reproductive health, directly influencing the reduction of unplanned pregnancies, maternal mortality, and abortions. The current stage of medical development requires not only improved effectiveness of contraceptive methods but also consideration of their safety, accessibility, and cultural acceptability. In recent years, there has been an increase in research focused on innovative approaches, including the use of nanotechnology, reversible male contraception, and gene therapy.
The study aimed to review modern contraceptive methods with emphasis on their effectiveness, safety profile, socio-cultural barriers to use, and promising scientific directions.
Materials and Methods: A systematic analysis was conducted of scientific publications, World Health Organization reports, meta-analyses, and clinical trials published from 2018 to 2024. The included data cover hormonal, barrier, intrauterine, behavioral, surgical methods, and innovative technologies.
Results: The review showed that hormonal and intrauterine methods provide the highest contraceptive effectiveness (up to 99% with correct use). Barrier methods offer moderate effectiveness (85–90%) but are a vital tool in preventing sexually transmitted infections. New research trends focus on developing non-invasive, reversible, male-oriented, and non-hormonal methods, reflecting a global shift towards expanded choice and individualized approaches.
Conclusion: Modern research highlights the need for further development of contraception with regard to safety, accessibility, and social factors. Innovative technologies offer opportunities to develop universal methods tailored to the needs of both sexes.
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